This abbreviated version of the Decalogue -- the Ten Commandments from God -- is
usually what is memorized and recited aloud.The Ten Commandments (decalogue=10 words) are ten principles whose purpose is to guide us in living in harmony with God and with other human beings. The first four principles or commandments deal with our relationship with God. The final six deal with our relationships with other people. The Ten Commandments are in chapter 20 of Exodus, the second book of the Old Testament (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible). The full version that appears in Exodus 20 has about 300 words. The briefer version below (in the order they appear in the Bible) has just over 70 words.
This abbreviated version of the Decalogue -- the Ten Commandments from God -- is
usually what is memorized and recited aloud.
The first four of the Ten Commandments deal with the relationship between individuals and God. emphasizing principles like monotheism, worship, and reverence. These commandments lay the foundation for a spiritual life, highlighting the importance of honoring and respecting divine authority. The following six commandments address interpersonal relationships and moral conduct, emphasizing principles like honesty, respect, and integrity. This order suggests a hierarchical structure where one's relationship with God serves as the basis for ethical behavior toward other people. Having commandments in two categories -- relationship with God and relationships with other people -- reflect the interconnectedness of spirituality and morality.
A command is an order or directive, often immediate and situational, given by someone in authority, that requires action or compliance, while a commandment is a more formal, often religious or moral rule that is meant to guide conduct over time.
20 1 And God spoke all these words:
2 "I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.
3 "You shall have no other gods before me.
4 "You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, 6 but showing love to a thousand generations of those who love me and keep my commandments.
7 "You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name.
8 "Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 10 but the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your animals, nor any foreigner residing in your towns. 11 For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
Though the Italians are often unaware of it, their beliefs about many things in Christian doctrine are rooted more in an epic poem by Dante Alighieri than in the Bible.
In The Divine Comedy, written in the 14th century, Dante tells the story of the Roman poet Virgil leading Dante on a guided tour through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise.
The epic poem's medieval view of God, man, sin, punishment, and reward is also reflected today in many of the paintings and frescoes decorating churches in Italy.
Many Italians' understanding of God is that of an almighty DON'T. For them, God is an angry Creator who is itching to shoot us down at the slightest misstep. He's somewhat kept in check by the saints and the Virgin Mary, who are continually interceding for us.
Well, God is "shooting" at us, but not in a destructive sense. Torah, the Hebrew word we translate as "law" is rooted in a verb that can mean "to shoot." That verb also means "to teach." Thus, in trying to understand the Torah, we might say that when God is revealing the truth or teaching His people, He is shooting ideas from His own mind into ours. In this light, our translation of Torah as "law" is a bit poverty-stricken in meaning since Torah also signifies teaching and revelation.
At the heart of the Torah -- a name the Jews apply to the books attributed to Moses -- are the Ten Commandments received at Mount Sinai. Using these fundamental principles -- sometimes called the Decalogue ("ten words") -- as a mirror of the mind of God, it is clear that because He is our Creator, God has claims upon every facet of our lives.
God does not want us to be mere soulless slaves of the law or slaves to a divine despot. Even a superficial reading of the Ten Commandments will make clear that they are not an impossible set of demands. Instead, these principles correspond to humanity's central issues. They are not meant for angels or a very few people of superior piety (while the rest of us have to pass through Purgatory for our inability to observe them properly).
A sad relic of this mistaken belief exists in Rome, not far from the American embassy. On the level just below the sanctuary of the Church of Santa Maria della Concezione is a little arched corridor. Along this corridor are five small alcoves whose floors are covered with dirt from the Holy Land. The walls and ceilings of the corridor and of the alcoves are completely covered with various Christian symbols, including crucifixes, a crown of thorns, the Greek letters of Christ's name, and an angel of death. What is startling about these designs is that they are all formed from human bones.
Decorative art made of human
bones in the ceiling of Rome's Church of St. Mary of the Conception.
Attached to the wall is a little placard explaining the "cemetery." Among other details, it states that the skeletal remains of an estimated 4,000 Capuchin monks are "buried" there, "some of whom," the placard says, "were holy men."
What a difference from the Jewish understanding of the Torah! Godly Jews saw the Torah as the way of holiness, whose wisdom and guidance were for all people, even the most ordinary. [ Nine audio sermons on holiness ]
God is shooting at us. He's shooting His wisdom, a code of ethics, and a revelation of himself. I pray that I'll be a clear enough target for Him to hit squarely!
What relevance do the Ten Commandments have for the global push for human rights?
The Bible's Ten Commandments can be divided into two groups. The first four concern our relationship with God. The last six lay down principles for relationships between people.
20 12 "Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you.
13 "You shall not murder.
14 "You shall not commit adultery.
15 "You shall not steal.
16 "You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
17 "You shall not covet your neighbor's house. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor."18 When the people saw the thunder and lightning and heard the trumpet and saw the mountain in smoke, they trembled with fear. They stayed at a distance 19 and said to Moses, "Speak to us yourself and we will listen. But do not have God speak to us or we will die."
20 Moses said to the people, "Do not be afraid. God has come to test you, so that the fear of God will be with you to keep you from sinning."
The worldwide drive for human rights did not originate in 1975 with the Helsinki Agreements. It did not originate in 1948 with the adoption by the United Nations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or even in 1791 with the ratification of the USA's Bill of Rights.
The concern for human rights was first expressed in the basic national law of the Israelite nation. It was revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. In Exodus 20-23 God speaks clearly concerning the rights of individual persons. He gives Moses laws of justice and mercy, including punishing criminals and restitution for wrongdoing. Following the Ten Commandments section, there are laws regarding social responsibility, including the care of the poor and the education of the young.
Interestingly enough, this whole section of basic laws for a nation is concerned almost entirely with what we call "domestic affairs." As to national security or foreign policy, the Lord tells Moses: "My angel will go ahead of you ... I will make all your enemies turn their backs and run."1
Today the priorities of most governments seem to be the reverse of those God gave to Moses. Military strength, foreign policy, and national security appear to be the Number One priorities of most modern nations.
In our world, Christians must remember that principles of human rights -- not national security -- are at the heart of God's revealed law.
In a collection of essays titled Against the Stream, Swiss theologian Karl Barth argued that sanctified Christians are not called to live mildly respectable lives. Rather, they are called to swim against the stream, to witness to God's judgment over the status quo of this world. Indeed, even a casual glance around our globe will quickly reveal that insisting on justice based upon biblical principles is to swim upstream.
It's difficult to swim against the current. It's easier to close our eyes even when human rights violations occur in our backyards and say, "It doesn't involve me; there's nothing I can do about it anyway."
Too often, the church has been guilty of letting the world squeeze it into its mold. In his book The Comfortable Pew, Pierre Barton criticized the church's "abdication of leadership," failing to call people to a life of Christian action.
This doesn't mean I am espousing a particular political viewpoint. But I should ask myself some questions. Are my political choices consistent with the biblical concern for human rights? What are the main topics of my political conversations with other people? Do they reflect a concern for individual rights in the spirit of Exodus 21-23? Or do I find myself being forced out of biblical principles into a worldly mold where "national interests" or something else becomes the top consideration?
What about my local church? Could it be considered a model community where everyone has the same rights? Does my local church utilize whatever clout it may have in my city or town to insist on individual rights? Do we have a reputation in the community as a church that really cares about people?
"Do not mistreat . . . Do not take advantage . . . Do not pervert justice . . . Do not show favoritism . . ."2
These are the words of the Lord. They must be the principles that guide our choices and actions, whether in the areas of politics, philanthropy, education, business, humanitarian aid, the judicial system, or the arts.
1Exodus 23:23, 27, New International Version
2Exodus 23:1-9, New International Version
"He declared to you his covenant, the Ten Commandments." -- Deuteronomy 4:13
"In the Law, love warns; in the cross, it redeems. Both are the true mirror of Him who thus defines His own character: God is love.'" -- Guthrie, quoted in Illustrative Notes: A Guide to the Study of the Sunday-school Lessons for 1893 by Jesse Lyman Hurlbut, Robert Remington
-- Howard Culbertson,
I wrote these two devotional articles while Barbara and I were serving as missionaries in Italy. They originally appeared in Standard, a weekly Faith Connections take-home curriculum piece for adult Sunday school classes published by The Foundry.
Understanding the historical and cultural context of the time when the Ten Commandments were given can provide valuable insights into their wording and significance.
The quotes are in alphabetical order based on the author's last name.
 | Susanna Wesley's principle for defining what actions constitute sin [ read what she wrote to her son John ] |